Citation Loops

A citation loop occurs when an organisation's published findings are corroborated primarily by sources that share governance, funding, or authorship with the original publisher — creating a closed evidential circuit that amplifies a claim without adding independent support.

All loops (4)

Loop ID Title Dim. Severity Reports
LOOP-001 CSOH / India Hate Lab / Hindutva Watch Founder Network D5 Severe India's Hate Ecosystem: Mapping the Networks Islamophobia in the 2024 New York Mayoral Race
LOOP-002 Equality Labs Self-Citation Chain D5 Significant Caste in the United States
LOOP-003 USCIRF / IAMC Advocacy–Designation Loop D5 Significant USCIRF 2016 Annual Report — India Chapter (Tier 2) USCIRF Annual Report 2017 — India Chapter USCIRF 2019 Annual Report — India Chapter USCIRF 2021 Annual Report — India Chapter USCIRF Annual Report 2023 — India Chapter India 2024 Country Update
LOOP-004 Savera / PRA Report Series Self-Citation D5 Significant HAF Way to Supremacy: How the Hindu American Foundation Rebrands Bigotry as Minority Rights The Global VHP's Trail of Violence Cut From the Same Cloth: The VHP-A's Ties to its Indian Counterpart

Identification criteria

Circular citation

Source A cites Source B as corroboration; Source B cites Source A. Neither provides independent evidentiary grounding.

Governance overlap

Two or more sources cited as independent share board members, officers, or founders — established via public filings (IRS 990, state registrations).

Self-citation

A report's primary quantitative claims rest on data produced by the same organisation with no independent audit or replication.

Funding dependence

The citing and cited organisations share a common funder or are in a direct grantor–grantee relationship undisclosed in the report.